![]() ![]() dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion.dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion.metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS).turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM).fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR).diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography.MRI pulse sequences ( basics | abbreviations | parameters).iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis. ![]() iodinated contrast media adverse reactions.clinical applications of dual-energy CT.as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).Screen type films: faster when used with intensifying screenĭirect exposure type: used for dental exposures The total thickness of the film is about 0.25 mm. Protective layer: gelatin, protects emulsion from damage Some hardening agents is the main layer where latent images are stored Gelatin is used to support the silver halide crystals 5. Substratum: an adhesive layer containing gelatin and solvents that bind emulsion and baseĮmulsion: silver halide and gelatin. Layersīase: cellulose triacetate or polyester for support The silver can be reclaimed from old x-ray film, in a process known as silver recovery. The film is most sensitive to safelight after the latent image is formed and before it is processed 4. However, this does not totally protect the film from fogging, especially under prolonged exposure under safelight. For example, a red safelight is used during the processing of films that are sensitive to green lights. In darkrooms, safelights are used that enable a radiographer to see the film he is working on but does not expose the film. Only with the addition of dyes, then the crystals can become more sensitive to other spectrums of light such as green and red 3. Silver halide crystals are inherently sensitive to blue and ultraviolet light. Subsequently, the silver ions attach and clumps of metallic silver (black) are formed 1,2. The electrons get attached to the sensitivity specks and attract the silver ion. X-ray film displays the radiographic image and consists of emulsion (single or double) of silver halide (silver bromide (AgBr) being the most common at 95% while silver iodide at 5%) 6 which when exposed to light, produces a silver ion (Ag +) and an electron. ![]()
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